The Chemical Composition of Human Sweat or Perspiration

As you might imagine, human perspiration is mainly water, but have you ever wondered just what else is in sweat? Heres a look at the process of sweating, the chemical composition of perspiration, and the factors that affect it. Why Do People Sweat? The main reason people perspire is that the evaporation of water can cool our bodies. Thats the reason it makes sense that the main component of perspiration is water. However, perspiration also plays a role in the excretion of toxins and waste products. Sweat is chemically similar to plasma, but certain components are selectively retained or excreted. General Composition of Perspiration Perspiration consists of water, minerals, lactate, and urea. On average, the mineral composition is: Sodium (0.9 gram/liter)Potassium (0.2 g/l)Calcium (0.015 g/l)Magnesium (0.0013 g/l) Trace metals that the body excretes in sweat include: Zinc (0.4 milligrams/liter)Copper (0.3–0.8 mg/l)Iron (1 mg/l)Chromium (0.1 mg/l)Nickel (0.05 mg/l)Lead (0.05 mg/l) Variations in Perspiration Chemical Composition The chemical composition of perspiration varies between individuals. It also depends on what individuals have been eating and drinking, the reason why theyre sweating (for example, exercise or fever), how long they have been perspiring, as well as several other factors. Sources Montain, S. J., et al. â€Å"Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.†Ã‚  International, U.S. National Library of Medicine. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. December 17, 2007.

My View Of Human Morality Essay - 1844 Words

My view of human morality is that it is influenced by individual culture and experience. Because I believe that as human beings, we all have our own values, beliefs and attitudes that we develop throughout the course of our lives and contribute to our own sense of reality of ourselves and the society. Regardless of what will influence and mold us throughout our lives, we have the rationality inclined to know between what is right and wrong so that we will do good as we want others to do so. We are exposed to cultural values from many sources: family, peers, education, authorities, and religion. Because we spend most of our formative years with family, the values of the family whether good or bad, are a powerful influence. These are a reflection of an individual character and culture. We are born into a world of values that have existed throughout humanity s history. We absorb these values as children while we navigate our social environment, processing and reevaluating them through out our adult lives. Every individual understands that life is important hence he or she needs moral values, which act as guiding principles. Our values form the foundation of our lives. They dictate the choices we make and determine the direction that our life takes. Our values will influence our decisions related to our relationships, career, and other activities we engage in. The world we lived is complicated that there exist no universal morality and absolute freedom and since our morals areShow MoreRelated Thrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Thrasymachus perspective of human nature is that we all seek to maximize power, profit and possessions. He gives the argument that morality is not an objective truth but rather a creation of the stronger (ruling) party to serve its own advantage. 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The Effects Of A Changing Climate Change - 917 Words

The Effects of a Changing Climate Melting ice caps, intense heat waves, and rising sea levels are all clear indicators that the climate is changing. Many scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict a temperature rise of two to ten degrees Fahrenheit over the next century (â€Å"Global†). The future forecasts also calls for greater intensity hurricanes, droughts, and an ice free arctic. The public does not believe that climate change will significantly affect them but it will and already greatly has. Many different factors come into play when trying to find a cause for the changing climate, but a major one is greenhouse gases produced by human activities. A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the†¦show more content†¦Although, replanting can reduce CO2 levels it is not enough to reverse the changes in the climate. The change in climate can also affect the rain patterns a specific region experiences. Climate change can cause more o r less rain to fall throughout the year around the globe. More precipitation would occur in the northern regions of the world and much less would occur in the southern regions. This can result to flooding in the north and drought in the south. Neither of these scenarios is superior to the other. They both result in a loss of crops and damage to buildings and homes. Houses and higher built buildings would be washed away by the rushing water. This would also cause damage to vehicles, farms and landmarks. On the other hand, a drought would leave the area dry and unable to support the growth of any plants or crops. A drought would also greatly increase the chance for fires due to the lack of water in the soil and heat. Many establishments may catch fire and spread to nearby buildings. With both drought and flooding, the price of food needed for individuals would rise significantly. Any consumable goods would be scarce and there would be much competition to see what stores could buy it f or the least amount of money and make the most when selling it. Farms would no longer be an option for growing food if it floods or if the crops dry out and die. Bodies of water hold many different species around the world. However, humans are

Health Assessment and Complex Care- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHealth Assessment and Complex Care for Hypertension. Answer: Introduction: In co-morbid condition, there is occurrence of more than one disease in the same patient. These diseases may be physical, physiological and psychological. These diseases can affect multiple organ systems in the body, however, these diseases may have common or different mechanisms. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is associated with multiple other conditions like obesity, diabetes, hypertension and psychological disease like depression. Mr. X is also associated with all these conditions. Symptoms of such patients include sleep apnea, increased blood pressure, snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, drowsiness due to increased CO2 level, headache, chest pain and depression. These should be incorporation of multiple diagnostic tests in such patients which include BMI, estimation of CO2 level, assessment of pain, blood glucose estimation and blood pressure measurement (Chau et al., 2012). In this essay, a case study of Mr.X is discussed, who is associated with the multiple co-morbidities. Description of the Patient: Mr. X is a 59-year old man and living with his wife and two sons. He is admitted to the hospital due to sleep apnea, which is mainly associated breathing problem during the sleep. He is also co-morbid with other conditions like obesity, ventilation syndrome, depression and type 2 diabetes. Due to his health conditions he lost his job and as result he developed depression. He is also keeping himself socially isolated because he is ashamed of his weight. In the health assessment, his vital parameters were assessed and it is evident that these parameters were abnormal. His BMI and body weight are 58 m2 and 165 kg respectively. Normal BMI in an adult person should be between 18.5 to 24.9 m2. Normal respiratory rate should be between 12 20 bpm in adults, however it is 28 bpm in Mr. X. This condition is called as tachypnea. Normal pulse rate should be between 60 100 bpm, however it is 132 bpm in Mr. X. This condition is called as tachycardia. Normal body temperature range should be betwe en 36.1C to 37.2C. However, his body temperature is 38.9C. His systolic blood pressure is 180 and diastolic blood pressure is 90. In this case, there is increase in the systolic blood pressure and normal diastolic blood pressure. Such type of condition is called as isolated blood pressure. In his assessment, it has been observed that his pain score is 7 in the scale of 10. This type of pain is severe pain and with this pain, it is difficult to perform activities of daily living (Timby et al., 2009). Pathophysiology: There are multiple pathological mechanisms involved in the obesity. There is mutation in the leptin gene and increase in the leptin expression, which is a satiety factor. Leptin and ghrelin are produced by the adipose tissues and act on the hypothalamus to control appetite. There is increased number and size of adipocytes in the obesity patients like Mr. X. Adipocytes produce various peptides and metabolites which are responsible for the increase in body weight. In type 2 diabetes, there is peripheral insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. In obsess patients like Mr. X, there is occurrence of insulin resistance, however diabetes develops in patients in whom there is insufficient secretion of insulin to compensate for insulin resistance. In such obese patients, insulin level may be high; however it would be insufficient for the developed high glucose level (Hwang et al., 2012; Reisner, 2013.. Insulin resistance mainly occurs due to increased le vels of fatty acids. In case of Mr. X, there might be increased levels of fatty acids due to obesity. These free fatty acids along with proinflamamtory cytokines are responsible for the reduced glucose transport into the muscle cells and elevated levels of glucose production by liver. Hypertension mainly caused due to the dysregulation in the reninangiotensinaldosterone system. Renin is responsible for maintaining extracellular volume and arterial vasoconstriction. Renin plays important role in the cleaving angiotensinogen in angiotensin I under the influence of angiotensin converting enzyme. In this cleavage there is production of angiotensin II, which is responsible for the constriction of blood vessels, peripheral resistance and consequently increase in the blood pressure. In the research, it is evident that, obesity is a risk factor for hypertension because of activation of reninangiotensin in the adipose tissues (Hall et al., 2015; DeMarco et al., 2015). Depression mainly occurs due to the disturbance in the central nervous system neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), glutamate, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). There is decreased metabolic activity in the neocortical structures and increased metabolic activity in limbic structures. It is evident from the studies that depression can lead to the hypertension in patient like Mr. X. In depressive and hypertensive patients like Mr. X, there is increased sympathetic tone and increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. In depressive patients there is lack of dopamine which may lead to the deficiency of dopamine at key sites in the brain which can leads to development of hypertension. On the other hand hypertension can also leads to depressive state in the individual. Hypertension leads to the cerebrovascular and ischemic changes which may results in the depressive state in the individuals (Rubio-Guerra et al., 2013). I n obesity hypoventilation syndrome, there is reduced sensitivity for the increased levels of PaCO2 and leptin resistance. Due to obese condition of the patient, there can be additional mechanical load on the respiratory system, which lead to the respiratory failure. Initially, hypoventilation occurs in daytime and in later stages it leads to the sleep apnea (Mokhlesi, 2010). In the studies, it is evident that there is elevated inflammatory mediators like interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-18 (IL-18), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C-reactive protein (CRP). It is evident that there is direct correlation between BMI and raised plasma levels of IL-6 or TNF alpha. Due to increased inflammation in the peripheral tissues in obesity, there is occurrence of insulin resistance and hypofunctioning of hypothalamic C releasing hormone which lead to the development of sleep apnea (Dabal and BaHammam, 2009). Intervention: Most important intervention for Mr. X should be body weight reduction. It is evident that at least 10 kg reduction in the body weight can improve the functioning of the respiratory system. Mr. X is suffering through severe obesity and it is refractory to dietary and therapeutic intervention. In such cases bariatric surgery proved to be more useful. However, care should to be taken while referring Mr. X for bariatric surgery because he is associated with multiple co-morbidities and there may be risk during general anesthesia and post operative complications. There should be incorporation of few mini-invasive and invasive surgical approaches to achieve reduction in body weight. These approaches not only reduce body weight and improve respiratory function but also improve blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Positive airway pressure ventilation (PAP) would be useful in Mr. X because it gives relief from the obstructive component and modify chest wall and lung mechanics in severe obesi ty patients (Verbraecken and McNicholas, 2013). Oxygen supplementation would be helpful in Mr. X to reverse hypoxemia. However, it should be keep in mind that alone oxygen supplementation would not be helpful in improving sleep apnea in Mr. X. Obese hypoventilation syndrome is usually associated with the co-morbid conditions which mainly affects cardiovascular system, respiratory system and metabolic system. Hence, pharmacotherapy should be provided to Mr. for respective disease condition. Mr. X also should be advised to maintain proper and physical activity. It would be helpful in avoiding further exaggeration of conditions like obesity, hypertension and diabetes (BaHammam, 2015; Shetty and Parthasarathy, 2015). Discharge Planning: Individualized discharge planning should be implemented for Mr. X as he is associated with multiple co-morbidities. Discharge planning of Mr. X should comprise of home care, self management, provision of specialized nursing care, formation of groups with similar disease condition for exchange of information, incorporation of social worker for counseling, experts in the community based care, diet modifications, physical exercise, management of depression and anxiety. Accurate information about medications should be provided to the family physician because Mr. X needs to consume multiple medications. Inaccurate administration of single medication may lead to the drug interactions, adverse conditions and multiple complications. Discharge plan should include schedule for follow-up visits and post-discharge support (McMartin, 2013). Conclusion: Obesity and related co-morbidity like obesity hypoventilation syndrome is a major health condition. As this condition involves multiple disease and systems, there should be incorporation of the multidisciplinary approach for the management of this condition comprising of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management. In such patients, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid values should be controlled. Management of these conditions would be helpful in avoiding further complications in the patient. Multiple mechanisms are involved in such co-morbid patients and there is requirement of multiple medications for treating each condition. Hence, medications should be administered with care so that these medications should not affect other medical conditions. Also, these medications should not interact with the other medications. This may result in the reducing efficacy of the medication or producing toxicity. In summary, such patients should be managed with incorporation of experts f rom respective fields and critically analyzing each aspect of the management. References: BaHammam, A. S. (2015). Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in a large sample of Saudi patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Saudi Medical Journal, 36(2), pp. 181189. Chau, E.H., Lam, D., Wong, J., Mokhlesi, B, and Chung, F. (2012). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and perioperative considerations. Anesthesiology, 117(1), pp. 188-205. Dabal, L. A., and BaHammam, A. S. (2009). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 4(2), pp. 4149. DeMarco, V. G., Aroor, A. R., and Sowers, J. R. (2014). The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(6), pp. 364376. Hall, J. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Wang, Z., and Hall, M. E. (2016). Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction Of Neurohumoral And Renal Mechanisms. Circulation Research, 116(6), pp. 9911006. Hwang, L.C., Bai, C.H., Sun, C.A., and Chen, C.J. (2012). Prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity and its impacts on incidences of hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 21(2), 227-33. McMartin, K. (2013). Discharge Planning in Chronic Conditions. An Evidence-Based Analysis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, 13(4), pp. 172. Mokhlesi, B. (2010). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a state-of-the-art review. Respiratory Care, 55(10), pp. 1347-62. Reisner, H. (2013). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Rubio-Guerra, A. F., Rodriguez-Lopez, L., Vargas-Ayala, G., Huerta-Ramirez, S., Serna, D. C., and Lozano-Nuevo, J. J. (2013). Depression increases the risk for uncontrolled hypertension. Experimental Clinical Cardiology, 18(1), pp. 1012. Shetty, S., and Parthasarathy, S. (2015). Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. Current Pulmonology Reports, 4(1), pp. 4255. Timby, B. K. (2009). Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Verbraecken, J., and McNicholas, W. T. (2013). Respiratory mechanics and ventilatory control in overlap syndrome and obesity hypoventilation. Respiratory Care, 14(1), doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-132.